Scientists have developed a way of making soft materials, using a 3-D printer, with surface textures that can then be modified at will to be perfectly smooth, or ridged or bumpy, or even to have ...

What counts as a smooth surface depends on context. A material considered smooth in one industry may appear rough in another, as the definition varies with sector and application. Smooth has its own ...

Measuring super smooth surfaces generally necessitates the use of optical metrology tools, but it is important to note that optical solutions are not all the same. The choice of metrology solution for ...

Nineteen years ago this month, Chicago experienced one of the worst heat waves in its history. Nearly 500 people, mostly poor and elderly residents of the city’s dense urban core, perished in ...