Industrial controls make heavy use of 4- to 20-mA current loops to transmit process measurements because current loops retain information in the presence of noise and changes in loop voltage. The loop ...

Many industrial applications demand high-resolution control of an output current. The circuit in the figure handles that requirement by generating a 0-5 A output current with 14-bit resolution. A ...

Some systems, such as optical networks, require more than one negative voltage. A common procedure is to boost the main negative supply of –5V to –10V and then reduce it with a linear regulator to –9V ...