Hot rolling processes (Figure 1) tend to produce an oxide layer on the surface of the steel strip. It is necessary to remove this layer – also known as ‘scale’ – prior to performing further processing ...

Inorganic materials such as metals (e.g., iron, copper), alloys (e.g., steel, brass), and ceramics (e.g., silicon carbide, boron nitride) are often subjected to extensive mechanical and chemical ...